multiple panes with interlayers. It is common for the top pane to be designed as what is called a wear layer, i.e. a layer which can be destroyed without degrading the load-bearing capacity. Glass in construction [...] Walk-on glazing is designed for foot traffic. A vertical imposed load of maximum 5 kN/m 2 is assumed under normal use conditions. Glazing accessible for maintenance and glazing with fall-through protection

Insulating render systems contain, apart from the usual render components, aggregates such as polystyrene, perlite or an aerogel. The insulation performance achieved in this way is comparable to that

Membrane structures are composed of thin, fabric-like materials. Due to their low self-weight, they are suitable for spanning large areas. They are used, e.g., as space-dividing, thermally insulating

They usually consist of frame members (tubes) and nodes. At least two frame members are joined at a node. Clamping connections in mullion/transom systems serve to fix facade elements/infill panels, such [...] Mounting and racking systems for photovoltaic systems are needed to install these systems on the roof or a supporting structure. Self-drilling or tapping screws and blind rivets are fasteners used in light metal

Special closures / hold-open devices / accessories

that when exposed to an initial or growing fire, the relevant parts of the structural works only make a limited contribution to the fire and only allow limited spread of fire both during and upon cessation

In carpentry joints, timber elements are permanently jointed by shaping – without additional mechanical fasteners. Timber construction

In modified timber, the durability of the wood is improved by chemical or thermal treatment. Timber construction

Soil nailing is a measure used to increase the tensile and shear strength of the soil to such an extent that the nailed soil can be considered as a monolithic block for verification purposes. Soil nailing

Concrete constituents

corrosion resistance that can be reached. As a side effect, the applied protection layers can serve aesthetic purposes (e.g. in terms of colour or structure). Generally, a distinction is made between metallic [...] metallic coatings (plating), such as galvanisation, and organic coatings, such as multi-layer finishes. A combination of both is called 'duplex coating', where the finish is added on top of the plating. There [...] kind of sheathing, such as tapes, films or tubes, can be taped, wrapped or pulled over the material as a corrosion protection system. Materials for metal construction

this chromium content level, the steels are able to form a complete surface layer of chromium oxide. This oxide layer or passive film constitutes a 'natural' barrier against corrosion, because the film does [...] given above. By the way, following the steel classification set out in EN 10020, stainless steels form a class of their own and are not part of the 'special steel' class. Materials for metal construction

The construction products described here are metal components formed by welding or soldering metal parts together. The construction techniques described here are structural works or parts thereof whic

Pipe insulation products are used to insulate heating distribution and hot water pipes as well as cooling distribution and cold water pipes in buildings in accordance with the Buildings Energy Act (GE

overhead glazing, it is assumed that people can be situated below the glazing. For overhead glazing, a residual load-bearing capacity is required in case of glass breakage. In the event of glass breakage

Non-return valves serve to prevent backflow of rainwater or wastewater from the connected sewer system into the parts of the property drainage system lying below the backwater level. Equipment for dra

Flue gas heat exchangers transfer the thermal energy from the heating appliance flue gas to the heating water. This increases the efficiency of the heating system. Heating appliances, chimneys

For accessories in the field of heating appliances that due to their innovative functions have not yet been covered by technical specifications, regulatory verification of fitness for use/application

A single-room heating appliance is a heating appliance which serves to heat the room in which it is placed or installed. Heating appliances, chimneys

heating appliances ( Sammel-Feuerstätten ) are heating appliances that heat a medium (usually heating water) and provide warmth to a building via the ductwork and radiators. They are not to be confused with

concrete. Generally, these kits consist of a reinforcement (CFRP strips, CF sheets or steel plates), an adhesive for bonding the reinforcement to the structure and a repair mortar. Repair and strengthening

Concrete technology

Other concrete construction techniques include, e.g., knife-edge bearings and ring beams. A knife-edge bearing is used to introduce vertical and horizontal forces into sheet piling profiles and steel tubes

DIN 4426 stipulates that anchoring devices for personal fall protection equipment as well as rope and rail systems need to be provided for building maintenance. Since there are no product standards or

are products made of concrete, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete which are manufactured at a location other than the final place of use. Precast concrete products are the result of an industrial